Sunday, February 6, 2011

XII-PHYSICS PRACTICALS EXAMINATION FOR THE YEAR 2010-11 ON 07.02.2011


ROLL NUMBERS 4605691 TO 4605715-25 STUDENTS-0900 HRS TO 1200 HRS
Evaluation Scheme for Practical Examination
v One experiment from any one section         : 8 Marks.
v Two activities(one from each section)(4+4)   : 8 Marks.
v Practical record (experiments and activites)  : 6 Marks.
v Record of demonstarion experiments and viva
   based on these experiments                    : 3 Marks.
v Viva on experiments and activites             : 5 Marks.
v Total                                             : 30 Marks
SECTION-A
Experiments
AP1.To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
AP2.To find the resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the specific resistance of its material.
AP3.To verify the laws of combination(series and parallel) of resitances using metre bridge.
AP4.To Compare the E M F’s of two given primary cells using a potentiometer.
AP5.To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potentiometer
AP6.To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method to find its figure of merit and to convert it into an ammeter of desired range.To verify the same.
AP7.To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method to find its figure of merit and to convert it into a voltmeter of desired range.To verify the same.
AP8.To find the frequency of the AC mains with a sonometer(and an electromagnet)
Activities
AA1.To assemble a household circuit,comprising three bulbs,three (on/off) switches,a fuse and a power source.
AA2.To measure resistance,voltage (AC/DC), current(AC) and check continutity of a given circuit using multimeter.
AA3.To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit(say Ohm’s law circuit)
AA4.To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
AA5.To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising of least a battery, resistance, rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter.Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.


SECTION-B
Experiments
BP1.To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length( by plotting graph:i) between u and v; ii)between 1/u and 1/v)
BP2.To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
BP3.To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.And to determine the refractive index of a material(glass) of the prism.
BP4.To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
BP5.To draw the characteristics curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage.
BP6.To study the characteristics of a common emitter N-P-N ( or P-N-P) transistor and to find the values of current and voltage gains
Activities
BA1.To study the effect of light(by varying distance of the source) on an LDR(Light Dependent Resistor)
BA2.To identify a diode,an LED,a transistor,an IC,a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
BA3.To observe refraction and lateral deviation (displacement) of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
BA4.To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror on a screen by using a candle and a screen for different distances of the candle from the lens.
BA5.To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a candle and a screen for different distances of the candle from the lens.

XI-PHYSICS-LESSONS TO BE TAUGHT IN JANUARY & FEBRUARY-2011


From 03.01.2011 To 15.01.2011
Thorough revision and clearing the doubts of the students on the topics requested by the students-1.Newton’s laws of motion-2.Work,Energy and Power-3.Applications of differentiation and Integration-4.Thermodynamics

From 16.01.2011 To 30.01.2011
Oscillations &Waves
Wave formation-Transverse and Longitudinal waves-identification-Periodic and Simple harmonic motion-Relationship between path and phase difference-Velocity of a wave-Equation to represent a wave-Superposition Principle-Finding the resultant displacement and amplitude analytically-Energy in SHM-Damped and Undampled Oscillations-Forced and Natural Oscillations-Simple Pendulum-Reflection of waves-Formation of beats-Doppler effect in light and sound.

VIIIC-SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY-LESSONS TO BE TAUGHT IN JANUARY&FEBRUARY 2011



From 16.01.2011 To 30.01.2011
Pollution of Air & Water
Importance of air and water-Composition of air-Possible ways of air and water pollution-Effects of pollution to living organisms-Comparing the quality of air at the places-1) A park and a busy road 2) A residential area and an industrial area3)A busy traffic intersection at different times of the day4)A village and a town-Acid rain-Global warming-Measures to control pollution.

From 01.02.2011 To 10.02.2011
Stars and Solar system
Solar System-Differences between star and a Planet-Planets in order-Satellites-Natural and Artificial-Existence of life on a planet-Constellations-Location of Pole Star-Asteroids-Meteors and Meteorites-Comets-Laws of Planetary motions-Launching of satellites and its purpose.

Air & Water Pollution


Beauty of this monument in white marble is being threatened by air
pollution in the area surrounding the Taj

People suffering from diseases of the respiratory system

Air consists of a mixture of gases. By volume, about 78% of this mixture is nitrogen and about 21% is oxygen. Carbon dioxide,argon, methane, ozone and water vapour also present

Covering nose while passing a brick kiln emitting smoke or started coughing while walking on a busy road

Compare the quality of air at the places-A park and a busy road-A residential area and an industrial area-A busy traffic intersection at different times of the day e.g.
early morning, afternoon and evening-A village and a town

air gets contaminated by unwanted substances which have a harmful effect on both the living and the non-living

smoke and dust arising from forest fires or volcanic eruptions factories,

power plants, automobile exhausts and burning of firewood and dung cakes
number of vehicles-Vehicles produce high levels of pollutants like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and smoke

Carbon monoxide is produced from incomplete burning of fuels such
as petrol and diesel. It is a poisonous gas. It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

smog is made up of smoke and fog.

Smoke may contain oxides of nitrogen which combine with other air pollutants and fog to form smog. The smog causes breathing difficulties such as asthma, cough and wheezing in children

industries-Petroleum refineries are a major source of gaseous pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is produced by combustion of fuels like coal in power plants. It can cause respiratory problems, including permanent lung damage

chlorofluorocarbons used in refrigerators, air conditioners and aerosol sprays. CFCs damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Automobiles which burn diesel and petrol, also produce tiny particles which remain suspended in air for long periods . They reduce visibility. When inhaled, they cause diseases

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react with the water vapour present in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The acids drop down with rain, making the rain acidic. This is called acid rain.corrodes the marble of the monument

industries to switch to cleaner fuels like CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).

Automobiles should switch over to unleaded petrol excess of CO2 in the air, it acts as a pollutant

Plants utilise CO2 from the atmosphere for photosynthesis,thereby decreasing the amount of CO2 in the air

CO2 traps heat and does not allow it to escape into space- the average
temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is gradually increasing-global warming-reduce the emission of greenhouse gases

To switch to fuels like CNG and unleaded petrol

To switch over to alternative fuels instead of the fossil fuels-solar energy, hydropower and wind energy

Plant trees and nurture the ones already present in the neighbourhood

Water becomes “dirty” after use  for washing clothes, bathing, etc. -adding some materials to the water, which spoil its quality and change its smell and colour

Harmful substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, silt, etc., get mixed with water, the water becomes polluted

Towns and cities, through which the river flows, throw large quantities of garbage, untreated sewage, dead bodies, and many other harmful things, directly into the river

Bathing, washing clothes and defecating in the river.  throwing garbage, flowers, idols of gods and goddesses and non-biodegradable polythene bags into the river

Industrial units discharge toxic chemical wastes into the river

Factors responsible for pollution of the river

Steps can be taken to restore the river Ganga to its past glory

How would the disposal of garbage, etc., affect the living organisms in the river ?

Oil refineries, paper factories, textile and sugar mills and chemical factories. These industries cause chemical contamination of water.

Chemicals released include arsenic, lead and fluorides which lead to toxicity in plants and animals

Importance of pesticides and weedicides for the protection of crops-these chemicals dissolve in water and are washed into water bodies from the fields- seep into the ground to pollute ground water.

Pollutants are the substances which contaminate air and water.

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane and sulphur dioxide are the major pollutants of air.

Increasing levels of greenhouse gases like CO2 are leading to global warming.

Water pollution is the contamination of water by substances harmful to life.

Sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial waste are some of the major contaminants of water.

Water which is purified and fit for drinking is known as potable water.

Water is a precious natural resource.-must learn to conserve .